Famous Murders of the 19th Century

Euralille Master Plan and Grand Palais by Koolhaas

My Vacation At The Picnic Table - 973 Words

*beep**beep* I sat up real quick and rubbed my eyes. I was so excited for today! My family and I are going to visit a nearby lake for the weekend, and I can’t wait! I ran down the stairs and ate breakfast with my family, except my brother Marco, he must be still asleep. Half way through breakfast my lazy brother decided to wake up from the dead. When we finished eating, we all started packing for the weekend. When we all were ready to hit the road, we climbed in the RV, then we were on our way. We arrived at the lake thirty minutes later and I was itching to swim already. I climbed out the RV and helped set up everything. I asked my parents if I could go swim already, but they told me not right now, but tomorrow I can. I sat at the†¦show more content†¦Marco rolled his eyes, and got up to help. My brother and dad worked on cooking the meat, while my mom and I worked on the sides in the RV. I helped with making a salad, baked potatoes, and corn. We sat at the table, and started digging into our food. It taste like heaven in my mouth! We finished up our food, scrapped our plates and set them in the RV. We got ready for bed, and all climbed into the RV. I was sitting there for a good fifteen minutes, thinking about how excited I am about being able to finally swim tomorrow. During my thinking time, I dozed off to a peaceful darkness. I woke up to birds chirping, which is quite odd for me, because I don’t really hear them were I live. I sat up out of bed, and stretched. I walked outside seeing my parents drinking there morning coffee, and chatting away. I walked back into the RV and made me my coffee to get me started for the day. I heard snoring, the first thing I thought was my lazy brother. I grabbed my swim wear and changed into them. I walked back out, and asked my parents if I could go swim. They told me yes, and to be careful. I darted off down the hill to the swimming area. I slipped off my flip flops and ran straight into the water. I was enjoying the water while I floated on my back. I decided I should try to swim all the way to the pole. I was going at a slow pace when I felt something slither by my foot. I jerked my foot back when I felt

Code of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs...

Code of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs and guides the integrity, values, and beliefs of an organization. A code of ethics clarifies to employees what the company stands for and its expectations for employee conduct (Daft, 2013). A well-written code is a true commitment to responsible business practices in that it outlines specific procedures to handle ethical failures. Within the research enterprise, the code of ethics ensures that research projects involving human subjects are carried out without causing harm to the subjects involved. Research ethics also ensure researchers conduct research in an ethical manner. This paper will focus on the regulations and guidelines that govern ethics in research, a study where†¦show more content†¦Within the research enterprise, ethics serve as the moral compass in to ensure that research projects involving human subjects are carried out without causing harm to the subjects involved. In addition, it provides a governin g structure which ensures that human participants in research are not exploited either physically or psychologically. In addition, research ethics educates and monitors scientists conducting research to ensure that they are adhering to the guidelines and regulations associated with research. Ethics also ensures that researchers can use the knowledge obtained to oversee clinical research and insure its conduct in a safe, scientifically sound and ethical manner (Tremaine, Carlson, Isaacs, Motil, Robuck, Wurzelmann, 2005). This research paper will provide a brief history of ethical guidelines associated with research, one research tragedies where research ethics were violated, and recommendations to ethics are maintained with the research enterprise. Brief History on Research Ethics There are several regulations and guidelines that govern the research enterprise. They provide the foundation for research ethics. These regulations and guidelines were formulated to ensure researchers conduct research in an ethical manner and to ensure that no human subject is harmed or violated. There are three key guidelines that have been implemented to ensure thatShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Professional Moral Compass987 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Ethics is a comprehension of the way of contentions emerging from good goals and how best we may manage those (Noble, 2007). Morals does not choose what is ethically right or wrong; rather it considers how we ought to act better in the light of our obligations and commitments as moral agents (Noble, 2007). We are all molded by our own encounters, recollections, feelings, and learning influencing our observations, thinking and judgment of individuals and circumstances. 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Project Costing for a Road Construction project †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Project Costing for a Road Construction project. Answer: Introduction The organization, X Consult (XC) has primarily been involved in consultancy contracts in the engineering and construction sector, mainly in design development and providing guidance to various organizations on how to develop designs. However, as with all organizations, it is important that the company evolves and continues to grow by taking advantage of existing opportunities in the market. This calls for venturing into the complex but highly lucrative road construction sector, which, in addition, to being lucrative, carries a new set of risks the company must be conversant with. Because all projects have risks, this report provides an analysis and evaluation of all the risks inherent to the road construction project that the company intends to bid. The report commences by summarizing the risks inherent in road construction projects by developing a risk assessment for contracting such work. This is then followed by a cost estimate for preparing such a bid and the departments that wil l be involved to give the company and board an understanding of the cost implication for bidding for such works. A schedule for the bid preparation will then be prepared and an appendix that summarizes the three projects background will be discussed, in the context of encountered risks for such a construction project. Risk Assessment in the Road Construction Sector The table below is a table detailing the risk assessment for road construction projects Risk Description Consequences of risk Risk probability Risk severity Overall Risk profile Mitigation measures against risk Defective materials used in road construction Poor quality roads that fail to meet quality standards leading to major reworks or failure to accept completed project by client or extensive reworks H VH H Quality management plan Inspection of raw materials frequently before procurement and after Safe storage of materials to ensure weather induced damage is limited Testing at various stages on quality of roads (Asphalt quality tests) (Muhamid 2011) Overshooting project time line Late delivery of projects characterized by increased costs and client displeasure VH VH VH Use of project management techniques and tools such as project management software to mitigate risks Developing a detailed work breakdown structure and following a work progress plan Effective planning of the project scope and minimizing scope changes Meet regularly to discuss progress of project on what has been done and what is remaining and compare to the project plan (El-Sayegh Mansour 2015) Overshooting cost/ budget High project costs and loss of support from sponsor leading to failed/ abandoned projects or legal litigation Abandonment of project in extreme cases VH VH VH Use effective and accurate costing methods and cost estimations before project commences when developing project budget Strict control of the project scope Effective management and communication with stakeholders to ensure they support changes (El-Sayegh Mansour 2015) Changes in scope/ design during construction Will lead to budget and time constraints being overshot H VH VH Use modern design principles such as BIM (building information management) and computer aided design Adhere to all set road design rules and regulations Strict management of project scope Use simulation software to test effectiveness of road designs before proceeding with construction Quality management plan that is strictly followed Using quality materials that are tested regularly to ensure quality (Muhamid 2011) Natural/ weather conditions that can affect construction progress Drastic changes in weather, such as heavy rains and landslides/ mud slides will cause delays, result in done work being damaged, and lead to re-works or increased costs VH VH VH Plan for construction when weather forecast show good weather Using quality road construction materials Poor communication with stakeholders This will lead to misunderstanding and poor management of relevant stakeholders, resulting in reduced or loss of support for the project H VH H Develop an effective stakeholder management plan and meet regularly with project team (Muhamid 2011) Unstable and contaminated soil conditions Can cause constructed sections to become damaged requiring massive reworks or occasion massive revisions to work program, budget, and project timelines H VH VH Ensure the soils where the roads are to be constructed are effectively tested before design begins to avoid future reworks Using soil strengthening additives to ensure the roads are of a high quality/ standard Cost Summary for Bid Contract Preparation The costs for preparing the bid contract must be estimated in the context of the activities to be undertaken and the stages involved in its construction. The first stage will entail a feasibility study, after the purchase/ acquisition of the relevant project documents. This will be followed by undertaking surveys in the subject areas and doing tests and surveys to help with the design of the road. The information from the surveys, including traffic survey (Traffic count) and tests undertaken on the site souls will then be used to outline proposals for the construction. The proposals will then be used for developing preliminary designs for the road, followed by a detailed road design. The detailed design will then be tested through simulations using computer aided tools and systems. This will be followed by a cost estimation using relevant costing techniques. The XC staff will then undertake the relevant documentation to attach to the design to complete the tender document ready for s ubmission, accompanied by visual presentations to the client. These tasks and their costs are detailed in the table below; by department Activity Department/ team to Undertake Activity Duration Unit Cost (per duration such as per hour) Total Costs in $ Acquiring tender documents Design One day @ 50 100 Purchasing project equipment and vehicles Administration Five Days 25000 Feasibility Study Civil engineering department with a civil engineer or two, civil technicians, foremen, and road construction technicians Twenty days Civil engineer pay @ $ 22 per hour Foreman pay @ $ 16 per hour Civil engineering technicians @ $ 12 per hour Road construction technicians @ $ 12 per hour 16000 Site survey and geotechnical surveys Survey Department (8 quantity surveyors) and 4 Civil Engineers plus project manager Sixteen days Chief quantity surveyors @ $ 18 per hour Assistants @ $ 15 per hour 140960 Soil tests 2 civil engineering technicians Twelve Days @ $ 12 for each per hour 76800 Traffic survey/ Count Consultant and survey supervisors plus surveyors Seventeen days @ 25 per hour for consultant @ $ 18 for survey supervisor @ $ 10 for the surveyors/ traffic counting team 14480 Progress review meeting All staff in bidding team Two Days 6000 Preliminary designs Civil engineers (2) Eight days @ $ 25 per hour 28000 Validating Designs Civil Engineering, Surveying, Project management Four Days 6400 Detailed road design Civil engineers (8), Consultant Thirty days @ $ 22 per hour for engineers @ 25 for consultant 48000 Simulation and testing software (cloud SaaS), Consultant input Designers and Consultant Six days @ 50per hour for consultant @ 25 $ Civil engineers 28320 Final documentation preparation Administrator 2 days @ $ 14 per hour 3520 Miscellaneous (Communication, stationery, refreshments) 8000 Total for Bid Schedule for the preparation of the Bids References El-Sayegh, S. M., Mansour, M. H. (2015). Risk Assessment and Allocation in Highway Construction Projects in the UAE. Journal of Management in Engineering. 31, 04015004. Mahamid, I. (2011). Risk matrix for factors affecting time delay in road construction projects: owners' perspective. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 18, 609-617.

Preliminary Research Proposal

Question: Discuss about thePreliminary Research Proposal. Answer: Introduction Program: Master of Project Management MC 210; Year : 1st Semester 2016 Course: Research Design and Methods BUSM4420 Student Name and Number: Rostand Bongwa s3517641 Research Area: Software Development Methodologies Research Topic: A case study on the waterfall methodology and its relevance The product procedure that is most likely going to be utilized amid the improvement of the undertaking is the Waterfall Model. Its solid focuses lie in the way that it is consecutive, so there would be no disarray on the strides and the procedures are straight down- - no compelling reason to stress over such a large number of conditions while taking a shot at a task. Also, this kind of model tends to pack up on so much documentation. Along these lines, such has a tendency to be helpful for future code modifications and reference. This model accept the prerequisites to stay static amid the life of the venture, so there is next to zero shot of joining new changes to the product once work starts. In the event that progressions are attempted to be fused it prompts more perplexity and further postpones. The waterfall model is a consecutive programming advancement process. Taking after are the periods of waterfall model. Software development methodology is the process of dividing the development of a software or a project into several distinct phases which contain activities with the intention of improved planning and management. It is usually thought to be a subset of the life cycle of system development. This method can include pre defining specific artifacts and deliverables which are developed and finished by a team for the maintenance or development of an application. Several types of frameworks have been developed and have evolved over the course of time, each of them having their own strengths and weaknesses. It is not possible for one type of development methodology framework to be suited for every project. Each of the available frameworks which have been developed over the years is suited to specific types of projects based on various considerations of technology, organization and man power. Some of the most common methods include waterfall, prototyping, iterative and incremental development,spiral development,rapid application development,extreme programmingand different types ofagile methodology. There are mainly two different methodologies which are utilized in these processes. One is the Traditional methodology or what is called the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology. The other is the Agile approach of software development. The SDLC methodologies have distinct phases in their life cycle like the Waterfall methodology, while the Agile approaches have a method of iteration, wherein the processes of design, construction and deployment of different sub- sections can take place together. Throughout the years the waterfall model has dropped out of support by numerous product designing task supervisors in light of its absence of readiness and restrictions. More adaptable models have been created, for example, the spry system which is regular among PM's. The proposed examination is going explore whether the waterfall model is out of date and the reasons why it has dropped out of support because of its constraints and alternate choices that have to some degree "suppl anted" the model. This contextual investigation will have an organized procedure and methodology. Fig 1: The Onion Research Model Research philosophy: Our research philosophy is to determine whether the waterfall methodology which was traditionally used for developing software and handling projects is relevant today. Two main ontological frameworks can be utilised in the duration of the research process: The first one is positivism and the second one is constructionism (Monetteet al.2005). These frameworks can be described in different manners (for example empiricism, interpretivism) but essentially, the assumptions underlying the processes are basically similar (Bryman, 2012). Positivism works under the assumption that reality will exist independent of the object being studied. Practically speaking, in any case, this means say that the significance of wonders between subjects is to a great extent reliable (Newman, 1998). Interestingly, constructionism suggests that the fundamental idea of social wonders really in light of the fact that it is made by eyewitnesses (stlundet al. , 2011). This reasoning suggests that we can never assume that what we are watching can be translated similarly crosswise over different members and the most ideal methodology is to inspect contrasts in the respondents' understanding. Research Approaches: The following are the types of research approaches which can be followed. The Deductive Approach The deductive approach fundamentally build up the speculation upon a earlier hypothesis plus the discovery methodology is then planned so as to test it (Silverman, 2013). This methodology is most appropriate in circumstances wherein the exploration venture is based after analyzing whether the watched wonders will in the long run fit with the expectations which have been founded on past examination (Wiles et al., 2011). Because of this property, the deductive methodology can be chiefly apt to the positivist attitude, which takes into account the sketch of theory and the factual testing of projected that outcome would an accredited level of likelihood (SniederLarner, 2009). The Inductive Approach The inductive style is basically a shift from the fastidious to the common (Bryman Bell, 2011). In this methodology, perceptions are the premise for analysts wherein the information is moved through to search for examples (Beiske, 2007). There exists no system that advises the information assembly and the examination hub can in this manner be frame after the information has been collected in this procedure (Flick, 2011). Despite the fact that this may seem, by all accounts, to be the point where new speculations are conceived, it is likewise stands genuine that as the information is dissected can be comprehended to fit into another current hypothesis (Bryman Bell, 2011). This methodology is valuably used in subjective examination, where the nonattendance of hypothesis might be helpful in decreasing the potential for scientist predisposition in the underlying phases of information accumulation (Bryman Bell, 2011). This methodology, in any case, is likewise a solid match which can be utilized as a part of positivist approachs, where the information is broke down first and important examples shape the premise of results. The Quantitative Approach This methodology bargains basically with quantitative information (Flick, 2011). It comprises of a few acknowledged factual norms to demonstrate the legitimacy of the methodology, similar to the quantity of respondents required for the foundation of a measurably huge consequence(Goddard and Melville, 2004). In spite of the reality that this methodology is skilled by a positivist rationality, it can be used to examine a few different angles. The quantitative methodology is most productive where there are an expansive number of answerers available. Hence the information can be adequately measured by using quantitative systems, and factual strategies for examination. The Qualitative Approach The subjective methodology is essentially gotten from the constructivist worldview (Bryman Allen, 2011). This methodology basically require that the scientist ought to withhold from forcing their own recognition upon the respondent (Banister et al., 2011). The inevitable position is to examine how the respondents decipher their own existence (Bryman Allen, 2011). This displays the test of making a system that is cramped by the respondent instead of by the scientist. A powerful technique to accomplish this is by taking meetings, where the reaction can be open (Feilzer, 2010). Subjective exploration is normally utilized for inspecting the significance of social marvels, as opposed to looking for a causative relationship since there are no characterized variables (Feilzer, 2010). Research Strategy The exploration procedure basically manages how the analyst means to do the work (Saunders et al., 2007). The exploration technique may incorporate a few changing methodologies like test examination, activity research, contextual investigation research, interviews, studies, or an orderly writing audit. Test exploration is the methodology of assembly an examination procedure that look at the cost of a test beside the ordinary results (Saunders et al., 2007). It stands valid in every aspect of examination, and for the most part include the attention of a usually set number of elements (Saunders et al., 2007). The affiliation among the variables are examined, and contrasted with the what the normal results of the assessment were Activity exploration is fundamentally a useful means to pact with taking care of scrupulous examination issues within a group of observe (Bryman, 2012). It involves inspecting practice to set up that the finest advance is correspondingly comparable. It generally includes intelligent practice, which as a rule is a precise procedure using which the expert practice and familiarity of the specialists can be surveyed. This type of examination is normal in callings like instructing or nursing, where the specialist can evaluate the distinctive approaches to improve their specialist advance and understanding (Wiles et al., 2011). Contextual investigation is the appraisal of a private unit with the expectation of setting up the key components and drawing speculation (Bryman, 2012). It offers an considerate into the meticulous way of any illustration, and therefore build up the implication of civilization and setting in contrast between cases (Silverman, 2013). This investigation technique is compelling in budgetary inspection. Decisions The decisions which are accessible in the exploration onion integrate the mono strategy, the blended practice, and the multi-technique (Saunders et al., 2007). Mono strategy: It includes utilizing one exploration approach for the study, which is apparent from the name itself. Blended strategy: It require the utilization of two or more strategies for exploration, which generally suggests that subjective and quantitative philosophies must be utilized. Multi-strategy: In multi technique, a more extensive choice of strategies must be utilized (Bryman, 2012). The fundamental variety in the blended and the multi-strategy is that the blended technique is the aftereffect of a joined approach which results in the production of a solitary dataset (Flick, 2011). In the multi-strategy approach the exploration is isolated into dissimilar sections, where every fragment produces a particular dataset; wherein each dataset is broke down utilizing procedures got from either qualitativeor quantitative strategies (Feilzer, 2010). Time Horizons The Time Horizon is the evaluated time within which the chore is required to achieve culmination (Saunders et al., 2007). Two sorts of time skylines are permitted to be utilized within the assessment onion: the cross sectional and the longitudinal (Bryman, 2012). The cross sectional time skyline is a skyline which has been as of now settled, and just the information must be fetched. This is called as "preview" time accumulation, wherein information is collected at one point in time(Flick, 2011). It is basically used in examinations which are worried with the examination of a explicit spectacle in a state of time. The longitudinal time skyline for information accretion implies that the assembly of information must be performed more than once over a developed timeframe, and is utilized where a critical part of the exploration is to see the varieties in an undertaking over a timeframe (Goddard and Melville, 2004). This permits the investigation of progress and advancement. The time skyline which is chosen for a venture does not rely on upon a particular examination methodology or approach (Saunders et al., 2007). Information Collection and Analysis Information gathering and investigation relies on the methodological methodology utilized (Bryman, 2012). The procedure chose at this phase pses a huge commitment to the general unwavering quality and legitimacy of the study(Saunders et al., 2007). Regardless of the used advance, the kind of information collected can be isolated into two sorts: essential information and optional information. The Primary Data Essential information is what is gotten from straight source. This can be express sources got from verifiable archives, or the information which is gotten from the respondents in overview or meeting information (Bryman, 2012). Information got from the analysis or study is not as a matter of course essential information the information got from a measurable collection like statistics constitutes essential information. In like manner, information which has been sourced from different assets likewise can be termed as vital information (Flick, 2011). Vital information is finest comprehend as the information that is being bust down, regardless of the source from where it was obtained. Optional Data Optional information is what is gotten from the work or conclusions of different scientists (Newman, 1998). The decision of an exploration object can comprise voluntary information since it is fundamentally data that was handled by another person. So also, investigations of measurable reviews or other information can be termed auxiliary information (Kothari, 2004). The quantity to which information is characterized is restricted by its employment, as divergent to the intrinsic way of the information itself(Flick, 2011). Research Design Research design is basically a explanation of how the examine method is expected to be performed. It is basically a skeleton which explains the reasons and the requirements that caused the adoption of a specific methodology, how the selection of respondents was performed, and how the analysis of data will be done (Flick, 2011). Several different research designs exist. They are called descriptive, explanatory, and the exploratory. The descriptive design basically reflects the experiences of respondents who participated in the study. It is closely related to ethnographic studies, but is also appropriate for use in a quantitative framework. The explanatory design essentially focuses on the effective explanation of population characteristics or social phenomenon observed at a point in time. It appears to be effective in a quantitative framework wherein the influences of variables on each other can be properly recognized (Kothari, 2004). The exploratory study is basically the exploration of an issue which occurs before there is sufficient knowledge to perform a formulaic research project. It is typically used in order to further research in a subject area (Neuman, 2003). Samples An example is a fragment which is illustrative of a bigger populace (Bryman, 2012). At the point when quantitative exploration is done, the specimen size and how it is chosen is utilized to build up the unwavering quality of the consequences of the study. With regards to subjective examination, in any case, the specimen attributes are still imperative, however littler examples are utilized. Test Size The term test size shows the quantity of respondents who are chosen from the populace that are utilize as a part of the examination (Newman, 1998). With regards to quantitative exploration, the span of the example is a fundamental necessity in settling on the dependability of the outcomes got in a study. Much of the time, bigger example sizesgreatly enhance the unwavering quality of the outcomes (Flick, 2011). On account of subjective examination, size of the example is less essential, and idea of representativeness is not an extremely solid rule to legitimize legitimacy of the exploration. Testing Techniques Testing strategies are the techniques in which proper specimen size is acquired or settled on for the study (Bryman, 2012). There are a few acknowledged systems that can be utilized. An arbitrary specimen demonstrates people inside a bigger populace picked haphazardly. Be that as it may, this outcomes in irregular dispersion, which can suggest critical skewing because of the arbitrary way of test choice (Neuman, 2003). For instance, in a specific study, an arbitrary specimen may bring about the derivation that more guys are spoken to in an example where the dispersion ought to hypothetically be equivalent, or it might bring about unequal dissemination crosswise over different ages. In such cases, test may grew such that it is guaranteed that the delegates of the populace in the example mirror the huge demographics of the more extensive populace, perhaps to ensure that the demographic qualities of age and sexual orientation are reflected appropriately in the chose test (Newman, 1998). A comfort test implies where the example is gotten from inside a current system, for example, a school, school or college, when the courses in which respondents can be enlisted is nearly clear. This strategy is esteemed fitting if there is a study that is worried with the perspectives of understudies or offspring of a specific age bunch. The above points with regards to research methods will be kept in mind while working on this research to ensure that the standards of quality research are met and that there is no bias involved in reaching the conclusion of this study. These guidelines ensure that the research is properly conducted, analyzed and presented to increase the value it provides to the scientific world at large. Proposed Research title Project title: A case study on the waterfall methodology and its relevance Working title: Is the waterfall process still important to software development life cycle model. Key Information search words: 1. Understating software development life cycles Problems with the waterfall model The pros and cons of waterfall methodology The alternatives to the waterfall model Review of Literature Industry Problem: The waterfall model is an ordered programming improvement process, in which advance is seen as streaming downwards like a waterfall, the model was initially presented by Herbert D. Bennington in June 1952. However, the first formal description of this model was cited to an article published by Winston Royce in 1970, though he did not explicitly use the name. The basic skeletal structure was defined thus by Royce: The project is divided sequentially into phases with some degree of overlap and splash back Emphasis was placed on planning, timing of schedules, targets, budget and implementation of the whole system in one go. Maintenance of control via extensive documentation, reviews, approvals by in- charge authorities etc. Iteration is done by first creating the prototype and then the actual system. The modern waterfall method follows almost all the above steps except for iteration because it results in waste of resources and is not conducive to win projects. The modern waterfall method in Software Engineering essentially contains the following phases: Engineering essentially contains the following phases: Fig 2: The Waterfall Methodology Requirement Analysis : All the desired requirements of the system are captured in the products requirement document and results in schema and models Software Design: The requirement specifications are studied and the design of the system is developed. This helps in specifying and deciding upon hardware and system requirements and defines the system architecture on the whole. Implementation: Taking inputs from the system design process, the system is initially developed in small bits of programs called units, which are then integrated in later phases. Testing: Every developed unit is tested extensively to determine any faults or failures. Integration: Once the testing has been performed satisfactorily, the units are integrated into the system and tested again as a whole. Deployment: Once the testing has been performed satisfactorily, the product is deployed Maintenance: To sort out the issues which arise later, patches or better versions are periodically released which again follow the above process. Applications of the Waterfall Model: Every software is differently managed and a suitable SDLC method is defined based on several internal and external factors. Similarly, there are some situations for which the Waterfall model is highly appropriate- Situations where the requirements are very well documented, clearly defined and are fixed from the initial stages with no possibility of changing. Situations where the product definition is fixed and stable. Situations where the technology to be used has been extensively studied, used and is extremely well understood, while at the same time is not at all dynamic. Situations where there is no ambiguity at all in the requirements. Situations where the resources are not a limiting factor and the technical expertise is available to provide support for the product. Situations wherein the project is short and is not going to require exhaustive features. However, from the above conditions, it is easy to see why the waterfall model is a failure most of the times. Nowadays, almost every project is large, is dynamic and the requirements are usually not frozen before- hand. Also, people try to get the job done with minima possible resources and the waterfall method requires that resources be set aside for a long period of time. Any complex projected, therefore cannot be performed or completed using the waterfall methodology. Also, this methodology is inherently time and labour intensive which is evident from the flow of the methodology. We shall still attempt to study the pros and cons of this methodology. Advantages: The waterfall methodology is very simple to understand and easy to use. It is pretty easy to manage, given the rigidity of the model. Where there is no scope for flexibility, unforseen issues do not usually arise. Every phase has specific deliverables which reduces mistakes to a small limit, thereby improving scalability. It allows for efficient compartmentalisation and control due to reduced overlaps of responsibilities. Hence it is easy to assign responsibilities and improve answerability. The phases of development are fixed and can be assigned a fixed timeframe without any fear of over shooting the deadline. Each phase progresses in a fixed order from the beginning to the end. There are no distractions. It works comparatively well for smaller projects where the requirements are easy to understand. The process and expected results are properly understood. Disadvantages: The waterfall model does not allow for the very important process of revision or reflection. If something is not well documented, it becomes very difficult to go back from the testing stage and change a particular thing. If a particular feature is not well thought out or understood, there is a very high possibility of error and that cannot be remedied until an iteration is made resulting in considerable wastage of resources. A working software cannot be obtained until very late in the project life cycle. There is an undue amount of uncertainty and risk involved in the project It is not a good model when it comes to object oriented or complex and complicated projects Long projects or ongoing projects suffer a lot in this methodology. If the requirements of a project are at a moderate or high risk of changing during th project development phase, then this model is definitely unsuitable since one major change can jeopardise the whole project. The measure of the progress of the project is difficult to anticipate within stages. It cannot accommodate for changing or variable requirements Changing or even minutely adjusting the scope of the project during its life cycle can result in the project ending. It is extremely difficult to identify business or technological bottlenecks in the early stages since the implementation is all done in one go. Conclusion: From the above data, it is quite comprehensively understood that the waterfall model is only suitable in extremely rigid conditions which are mostly theoretical, since in todays world of rapidly changing technology, such conditions are hard to manufacture of find. Added to that, the difficulty in implementing large, ongoing or difficult projects along with the resource intensive nature of this methodology, it is quite obvious that this methodology is not regarded favourably by most developers. Even for the clients, this process is not favourable since if the project requirement changes even minutely, the cost escalates along with the time period involved in the project completion and causes severe losses. When the lack of preparation time with regards to business bottlenecks is introduced to the mix, it becomes very difficult to advocate the usage of this methodology for any project of even modest importance. 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